Although the risk factors and diagnosis of heterotopic ossification (HO) are discussed in the
orthopedics literature, the etiology of HO, as well as its prevention and management, remain
theoretical. Furthermore, there is a lack of information in the literature regarding HO in
temporomandibular joint replacement (TMJR). This article provides a qualitative review of
information relative to the etiology, diagnosis, and management of HO to inform and
encourage further investigation in TMJR. The orthopedic HO literature considered for this …